In addition, new instruments and servicing missions increased the cost to at least $9 billion by 2006. When it formally started in 1972, what came to be known as Hubble had a then estimated development cost of $300 million (or about $1 billion in 2006 constant dollars), but by the time it was sent into orbit in 1990, cost about four times that. The telescope's delays and cost increases can be compared to the Hubble Space Telescope. The prime contractor is Northrop Grumman. Its nominal mission time is five years, with a goal of ten years. Launch is scheduled for October 2018 on an Ariane 5 rocket. This will keep the temperature of the spacecraft below 50 K ( Template:Convert/multi2Loff), necessary for infrared observations. Objects near this point can orbit the Sun in synchrony with the Earth, allowing the telescope to remain at a roughly constant distance and use a single sunshield to block heat and light from the Sun and Earth. The JWST will operate near the Earth-Sun L2 (Lagrange) point, approximately 1,500,000 km ( Template:Convert/round mi) beyond the Earth. The design emphasizes the near to mid-infrared for three main reasons: high- redshift objects have their visible emissions shifted into the infrared, cold objects such as debris disks and planets emit most strongly in the infrared, and this band is difficult to study from the ground or by existing space telescopes such as Hubble. The JWST is oriented towards near-infrared astronomy, but can also see orange and red visible light, as well as the mid-infrared region, depending on the instrument. The telescope has an expected mass about half of Hubble Space Telescope's, but its primary mirror (a 6.5 meter diameter gold-coated beryllium reflector) will have a collecting area about five times as large (25 m 2 vs. The JWST is a project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States space agency, with international collaboration from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. Webb (1906–1992), noted for playing a key role in the Apollo program and establishing scientific research as a core NASA activity. In 2002 it was renamed after NASA's second administrator (1961–1968) James E. The JWST originated in 1996 as the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). As of winter 2015–2016, the telescope remained on schedule and within the 2011 revised budget. Funding was restored and capped at $8 billion. In 2011, the United States House of Representatives voted to terminate funding, after about $3 billion had been spent and 75% of its hardware was in production. NASA has now scheduled the telescope for a 2018 launch. The first realistic budget estimates were that the observatory would cost $1.6 billion and launch in 2011. The JWST has a history of major cost overruns and delays. ![]() Webb, the second administrator of NASA, who played an integral role in the Apollo program. In gestation since 1996, the project represents an international collaboration of about 17 countries led by NASA, and with significant contributions from the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency. ![]() This will include imaging molecular clouds and star-forming clusters, studying the debris disks around stars, direct imaging of exoplanets, and spectroscopic examination of planetary transits. Another goal is understanding the formation of stars and planets. ![]() This includes the very first stars, the epoch of reionization, and the formation of the first galaxies. One particular goal involves observing some of the most distant objects in the Universe, beyond the reach of current ground and space-based instruments. ![]() JWST's capabilities will enable a broad range of investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology. A large sunshield will keep its mirror and four science instruments below 50 K ( Template:Convert/multi2Loff). While Hubble has a 2.4-meter ( Template:Convert/LoffAonSon) mirror, the JWST features a larger and segmented 6.5-meter (21 ft) diameter primary mirror and will be located near the Earth–Sun L 2 point. The JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength (orange-red) visible light, through near-infrared to the mid-infrared (0.6 to 27 micrometers), and is a successor instrument to the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST), previously known as Next Generation Space Telescope ( NGST), is a major space observatory under construction and scheduled to launch in October 2018.
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